How to recognise and respond to heat exhaustion and heatstroke

As temperatures rise, knowing how to identify and respond to heat-related illness can be lifesaving. Heat exhaustion and heatstroke are serious conditions that require prompt action. Here is what to look for and what to do.

With summer heat intensifying across Europe and beyond, understanding the difference between heat exhaustion and heatstroke — and knowing how to respond — has never been more important. Both conditions can develop quickly and, if left untreated, can become life-threatening.

## Spotting the warning signs

Heat exhaustion typically presents with heavy sweating, cool and pale skin, a fast but weak pulse, nausea, muscle cramps, tiredness, and dizziness. The person may feel faint or confused. Heatstroke, on the other hand, is far more dangerous: the body temperature can rise above 40°C, sweating may stop altogether, and the skin may become hot and red. Confusion, loss of consciousness, and seizures are serious warning signs that require emergency medical attention.

The key distinction is that someone with heat exhaustion is still able to sweat and regulate body temperature to some degree, while a person experiencing heatstroke has lost that ability — making it a medical emergency.

## Immediate steps to take

If you suspect someone has heat exhaustion, move them to a cool, shaded area immediately and have them lie down with their legs slightly elevated. Remove any excess clothing and cool them down with wet cloths, a fan, or cool water on the skin. Encourage them to drink cool water or a sports drink if they are conscious and able to swallow. Most people with heat exhaustion will recover with these steps within 30 minutes.

If the person is not improving, loses consciousness, stops sweating despite the heat, or shows signs of heatstroke, call emergency services straight away. While waiting for help, continue cooling efforts — ice packs placed on the neck, armpits, and groin can be especially effective at lowering core body temperature quickly.

## Prevention is the best protection

The best way to avoid heat-related illness is to stay hydrated, avoid prolonged exposure during the hottest parts of the day — typically between noon and 3 p.m. — and wear light, loose-fitting clothing. Vulnerable groups including the elderly, young children, outdoor workers, and people with chronic conditions should take extra precautions during heat waves.